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Haussmann's renovation of Paris was a vast public works program commissioned by Emperor Napoléon III and directed by his prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, between 1853 and 1870. It included the demolition of crowded and unhealthy medieval neighborhoods, the building of wide avenues, parks and squares, the annexation of the suburbs surrounding Paris, and the construction of new sewers, fountains and aqueducts. Haussmann's work met with fierce opposition, and he was finally dismissed by Napoleon III in 1870; but work on his projects continued until 1927. The street plan and distinctive appearance of the center of Paris today is largely the result of Haussmann's renovation.〔de Moncan, Patrice, ''Le Paris d'Haussmann''〕 ==Overcrowding, disease, crime, and unrest in the center of the old Paris== In the middle of the nineteenth century, the center of Paris was overcrowded, dark, dangerous, and unhealthy. In 1845 the French social reformer Victor Considerant wrote: "Paris is an immense workshop of putrefaction, where misery, pestilence and sickness work in concert, where sunlight and air rarely penetrate. Paris is a terrible place where plants shrivel and perish, and where, of seven small infants, four die during the course of the year."〔cited in de Moncan, Patrice, ''Le Paris d'Haussmann'', p. 10.〕 The street plan on the Île de la Cité and in the neighborhood called the quarter des Arcis, between the Louvre and the Hotel de Ville, had changed little since the Middle Ages. The population density in these neighborhoods was extremely high, compared with the rest of Paris; in the neighborhood of the Champs-Élysées, there was one resident for every 186 square meters; in the neighborhoods of Arcis and Saint-Avoye, in the present Third Arrondissement, there was one inhabitant for every three square meters.〔de Moncan, Patrice, ''Le Paris d'Haussmann'', p. 21.〕 In 1840, a doctor described one building in the Île de la Cité where a single room five meters square on the fourth floor was occupied by twenty-three persons, both adults and children.〔de Moncan, Patrice, ''Le Paris d'Haussmann'', p. 10.〕 In these conditions, disease spread very quickly. Cholera epidemics ravaged the city in 1832 and 1848. In the epidemic of 1848, five percent of the inhabitants of these two neighborhoods had died.〔 Traffic circulation was another major problem. The widest streets in these two neighborhoods were only five meters wide; the narrowest were only one or two meters wide.〔 Wagons, carriages and carts could barely move through the streets.〔(Haussmann's Architectural Paris – The Art History Archive ), checked 21 October 2007.〕 The center of the city was also a cradle of discontent and revolution; between 1830 and 1848, seven armed uprisings and revolts had broken out in the centre of Paris, particularly along the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, around the Hotel de Ville, and around Montagne Sainte-Geneviève on the left bank. The residents of these neighborhoods had taken up paving stones and blocked the narrow streets with barricades, and had to be dislodged by the army.〔Maneglier, Hervé, ''Paris Impérial'', p. 19〕 File:Charles Marville, Rue des Marmousets, ca. 1853–70.jpg|The Rue des Marmousets, one of the narrow and dark medieval streets on the Île de la Cité, in the 1850s. The site is near the Hotel de Dieu. File:Charles Marville, Rue du Marché aux fleurs, ca. 1853–70.jpg|The Rue du Marché aux fleurs on the Île de la Cité, before Haussmann. The site is now the place Louis-Lépine. File:Charles Marville, Rue du Jardinet, ca. 1853–70.jpg|The rue du Jardinet on the Left Bank, demolished by Haussmann to make room for the Boulevard Saint Germain. File:Charles Marville, Rue Tirechape, de la rue de Rivoli, ca. 1853–70.jpg|The Rue Tirechamp in the old quarter des Arcis, demolished during the extension of the Rue de Rivoli File:Charles Marville, La Bièvre, ca. 1865.jpg|The Bievre river was used to dump the waste from the tanneries of Paris; it emptied into the Seine. File:Horace Vernet-Barricade rue Soufflot.jpg|Barricade on rue Soufflot during the 1848 Revolution. There were seven armed uprisings in Paris between 1830 and 1848, with barricades built in the narrow streets. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Haussmann's renovation of Paris」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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